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2007年3月30日星期五

又从 Typo 搬到 Mephisto 了……

Hack 1: 文章 meta 的修改



这里的 meta 是指每个 entry 下面一小块区域,包括文章作者、所属分类等信息,以及指向评论的链接。最初的模板没有订阅评论的链接,也没有文章所属 tag 的信息,所以改动模板的 _shared.liquid 文件如下,加入:






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<span class="tag">Tagged {{ article | linked_tag_list }}</span>



以及:






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{% unless mode == 'single' %}
{% if article.accept_comments %}
<a href="{{ article.url }}#comments" class="commentslink">

{{ article.comments_count | pluralize: 'comments' }} &#187;</a> &nbsp;
<a href="{{ article.comments_feed_url }}" class="commentslink">

Subscribe to comments</a>{% endif %}
{% endunless %}


代码基本是自解释的,我就不说啥了。



Hack 2: 每次都要折腾的分类 feed 链接



分类的链接比较简单,Mephisto 的 wiki 上有说明,另有一个 articles_feed 的 filter 可以帮助获取用于自动识别的 feed,加上后会在 html 的 <head&rt; 部分加入 feed 地址,像 Firefox 这样的浏览器就可以自动发现这些 feed。但为了让使用 IE 之类浏览器的人也能看到 feed,就比较麻烦,google 了半天之后发现 mephisto 提供了一个 helper,叫 section_feed_url,终于搞定,代码是这个样子:






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<ul>
{% for category in site.blog_sections %}
{% unless category.name == 'Home' %}
<li>{{ category | link_to_section }} ({{ category.articles_count }})
{{ category | articles_feed }}
<a href="{{ category | section_feed_url }}" class="tiny">(atom)</a>

</li>
{% endunless %}{% endfor %}
</ul>


折腾了一通之后发现有人写了插件提供这个功能……另外 Home 分类是默认的,就是全部文章,这里用 unless 把它去掉。



Hack 3: 最近评论



这是 0.7.3 最新支持的功能,在 CHANGELOG 里他们给出了一种用法,但无论怎么改参数,给出的评论数总是跟默认的页面文章数一致,似乎是参数没有传递过去。后来还是在 Mephisto Wiki 上的提问与回答部分找到了一段代码,依葫芦画瓢:






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{{ site | latest_comments:5 | assign_to:"comments" }}

<ul>
{% for comment in comments %}
<li>{{ comment.author_link }} on {{ comment | link_to_article }} -
{{ comment.body | truncatewords: 10 }}</li>
{% endfor %}

</ul>


至今也不明白为什么像 {{ site | latest_comments :5 }} 这样的代码不行,非得用 assign_to



Hack 4: 每月文章



这个也是 Mephisto Wiki 上直接给了解决办法的,直接贴出代码:






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<ul>
{% for month in site.home_section.months %}

{{ site.home_section | monthly_articles: month | size | assign_to: 'articles_count' }}
{% if articles_count > 0 %}
<li>{{ site.home_section | link_to_month: month }}
({{ articles_count }})</li>
{% endif %}

{% endfor %}
</ul>


Hack 5: 分类存档



我最得意的 hack :)。Mephisto 的作者非常痛恨 blog 分页,据说是因为这样文章的链接会随其页面位置改变,不方便别人用搜索引擎查找,所以 Mephisto 默认没有分页功能,也没有“上一页”这样的选项。还好每月的文章是可以全部显示的,但查看分类、搜索和首页的文章数等等都要受同一个变量的控制。首页没有早期文章的链接还可以忍,分类也只能看十几篇就比较过分了,好在摸索之后发现每个分类也是可以按照月份显示所有文章的,通过以下代码:






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<ul>
{% for month in section.months %}
{{ section | monthly_articles: month | size | assign_to: 'articles_count' }}
{% if articles_count > 0 %}

<li class="month">{{ section | link_to_month: month }}
({{ articles_count }}) </li>
{% endif %}
{% endfor %}

</ul>


建立一个分类页面专用的模板,在 sidebar 部分加入即可通过每月文章访问到分类中所有的文章。但是这样跟我所要的效果还有一些差距。怎样能看到所有文章的标题呢?参考上面的代码,我依葫芦画瓢写了如下的代码,试验了一下,运气不错:






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<ul>
{% for month in section.months %}
{{ section | monthly_articles: month | size | assign_to: 'articles_count' }}

{% if articles_count > 0 %}
<li class="month">{{ section | link_to_month: month }}
({{ articles_count }})
{{ section | monthly_articles: month | assign_to: 'articlesmonth' }}

{% for article in articlesmonth %}
<li>{{ article | link_to_article }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</li>
{% endif %}

{% endfor %}
</ul>


增加了一重循环,在每月文章内再分别列出文章的题目,第二个 assign_to 的用法比较有趣。



Hack 6: Gravatar 支持



Mephisto 的管理界面直接支持 Gravatar 的头像,但我一开始没有找到对应的 filter,而插件工作也始终不正常。困扰了许久后在 Google Groups 上的 Mephisto Blog 小组找到了答案,原来 filter 就在 mephisto/apps/helper/url_filters.rb 这个文件中:






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####################################################
def gravatar_author(author, size=80, default=nil)
return '' unless author['email']

url = "http://www.gravatar.com/avatar.php?
size=
#{size}&gravatar_id=#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(author['email'])}"


url << "&default=#{default}" if default

image_tag url, :class => 'gravatar', :size =>

"#{size}x#{size}", :alt => "author['login']"
end

####################################################


修改一下评论模板,在合适的地方加上 {{ comment | gravatar: 32, "http://snakehsu.info/contacts.png"}},即可看到评论者的 gravatar。两个参数分别是头像的大小和没有头像时的默认图像。



顺便说一句,前几天 gravatar 工作不正常是因为数据库和服务器的配合问题,目前已经基本解决,但是需要用户自己登录 gravatar 再重新提交一次头像。



Hack 7 & 8: 搜索和 Tag Cloud



如上面所说,内置搜索的结果只能给出最初十几个,所以我试图用 Google 定制搜索引擎 来解决这个问题,不过看来 Google 还没有来得及索引这个新地址,所以这几天内估计用 Google 搜不到这里的东西,且看看过一周后怎么样。



Tag Cloud 也是用的现成的插件,唯一的问题是域名不一致,因为它认为我的 blog 的基础地址是 snakehsu.info 而不是 snakehsu.info/main/,我也没空钻研 URL 重写的问题,就直接改了插件的源文件了事,这个是我唯一的一处”硬“修改。



现在这个新 blog 基本实现了过去 Wordpress blog 的所有功能,有些地方还更方便,比如内置的 Gravatar 支持和 Markdown (类似 emacs-wiki 的标记语言)。折腾了好久,现在基本可以熟练地在共享主机上安装 Ruby on Rails 程序了……

2007年3月29日星期四

Word: "panmictic"

It means of panmicxia: random mating within a breeding population.

According to [Merriam-Webster](http://www.webster.com/dictionary/panmixia).

2007年3月28日星期三

从 Wordpress 搬到 Typo 了

而且总算把两个 blog 统一了。导入原来 [blog](http://snakehsu.info/blog) 的文章时发现刚好写了365篇 entry,不知道有没有什么寓意,呵呵。

2007年3月26日星期一

Methodology reconsidered

An adaptive cycle

I overlooked a fact that resilience is only one dimension of the adaptive cycle.  To really use an adaptive cycle to measure resilience I will need to know three values: the position of the system in the cycle, the connectedness of the system, and the system's potential, which is perhaps outside my thesis's scope.

Thus the resilience should be measured by other methods, focusing on slowly changing variables.  The outcome -- measurement of resilience, can be used in the future if I want to find out about the system's adaptive cycle.

To understand the history of the system and determine its position in the cycle will still be useful.  It will help with understanding of current status and relative resilience of the system.

2007年3月25日星期日

Week 25: Get my hands dirty

The feedback on my previous piece of writing on resilience is a bit unexpected.  Apparently my supervisors and I have some disagreement on our perception of resilience.  The resilience I am familiar with has a strong ecological origin and may not be quite the same as those about social-economic systems.  It is suggested that I take a look at vulnerability studies in both social and ecological terms. 

The introduce of the concept in my writing is a bit too steep.  Considering the audience of my thesis I am also told to rewrite the piece to make it more understandable by others.  More examples, if available, can make my writing more detailed and grounded.

The following three week or so, I will divert considerable time and effort to make a series of plans for the field trip.  It is not as interesting as studying concepts, but will be an essential part of my project.

2007年3月23日星期五

Drawing drokpas away from the pasture: Good or evil?

I just noticed that it is part of the state's pastoralism policy that drokpas are not only encouraged to reduce or stop grazing on certain pastures, but also to leave the land and enter the Third Industry.

The rationale behind this is that drokpas are mostly living a materially-deprived life.  The policy will help them get richer by drawing them into service industries.  The drokpas remain on the pasture will then be able to have larger pastures for their herds, and eventually become ranch managers like those in the U. S. or Australia. 

But such measure does not necessarily increase individual pastoralists' strength, or resilience, in the face of sudden natural disasters.  Traditionally, the drokpas divert the risk of snowstorms and droughts by dispersing their herds among those of their relatives or friends.  The arrangement that less drokpas now occupy the pastures will disturb such traditional risk aversion method.  The ranch manager without nearby relatives/friends to help him/her will inevitably rely singly on the state's aid in case of disasters.  This may reduce the system's resilience.

It is also doubtful whether the new Third Industry staffed by drokpas is sustainable.  Due to the economic development in Tibet at this moment, the Third Industry will mainly serve people from outside.  This will bring currency to the region.  But the limited income, except for several large cities, cannot be invested in other means than self-sustaining.  Based on tourism only, without the support of the First and Second Industry, such Third Industry may swarm in large cities, living small cities and towns deprived of labour.  Thus the gap between richer and poorer counties may be widened.

I still do not know to what extent has this policy being carried out and what are the effects.  I will take this question along with me in the field and seek answers.

2007年3月19日星期一

Restocking and Settling Nomads Following Severe Snowstorms

Restocking and Settling Nomads Following Severe Snowstorms

As a chapter in a book this article is especially useful to me and perhaps many other nomadism students.   It provides some perspectives on snowstorms, and traditional Tibetan pastoralism.  It discussed about some common fallacies hold by the mass and the authorities over the nomadism in Tibet.

Of more value, the article introduced the historical changes taken place in Tibetan pastoralism in the past decades, as well as information on a few past snowstorms, which will surely help my project.

2007年3月17日星期六

What about Plan C?

Image of Plan B 因为跟我做的课题有些关系,导师把 Lester Brown 的这本 Plan B,和那本可能更有名的 Who Will Feed China 借给我,让我看看其中有没有什么东西可以利用。

如果是一个没有接触过太多关注环境的材料的读者,这本书尚可一读。它把人类面临的一系列环境问题一一罗列了一遍,并指出,Plan A --“照常营业”行不通了,如果我们还想给子孙后代留下一个可以居住的地球,就应当转向 Plan B --通过政治、经济手段和民众的自发行动扭转环境恶化的趋势,而且这个转向势在必行,越快越好。

道理是不错的,但是,并不是每个不错的道理都值得写一本书来广而告之。如果看过其他环境主义者的书,比如瑞切尔卡逊的《寂静的春天》,你会发现 Brown 的这本书虽然关注的问题更为复杂,形式上似乎也更为正统,却缺乏那种深入人心的力量。或者,你看完全书,心潮澎湃,但却不知道人都做了些什么,又应该做什么。很快,你忘了这本书,开着 SUV 到超市采购去了。

实际上,对于一个查找零星字句的读者,比如我,这本书很容易读完。读的时候只管盯住大写字母开头的单词,那一般都是某个国家或地区的名字,然后顺着读下去就可以看到 Brown 给出的关于这个国家的统计数字,以及他表达的严重的忧虑(比如,黄河,中华民族的摇篮,在2003年断流了XXX天……中国对水资源的不合理利用……我们应该……)。整本书基本上都是这个模式。而我们想一想 Brown 是怎么炮制这些书的,对于他这种“风格”也就不难理解了。

首先,Brown 是 Worldwatch Institute 的头头,这个机构的日常工作之一就是搜集世界银行、UNEP、IMF 等等机构发布的报告和数据,Brown 拿到这些数据并不困难。之后他的工作就是挑选出能够证明他的论点的数据(这一点被他的论敌  B. Lomberg 批评过,虽然 Lomberg 本人也因为这样的“数据搜集”方法而饱受批评),将它们串成字句、段落和章节。这样做的直接后果是所有的段落基本都可以写成 bullet point 的形式——缺乏联系,又几乎千篇一律。至于他在第二部分提出的 Plan B,如果看起来很眼熟,那也并不奇怪——基本上就是学术机构给决策人看的 Executive Summary 的重现。

作为一个连人大开会时的政府工作报告都没有耐心听完的普通人,看到 Brown 这样一本接一本生产出来的 Executive Summary 串烧,又怎能不审美疲劳呢?

在上世纪6、70年代的环境思潮过后,面对迫切的环境问题,一般人需要的不是说教,不是一个成天8点20的老头向他们嚷嚷“地球要完啦”。他们需要知道作为一个个人怎么做,也需要看到希望。Mr. Brown 真想为环境事业做点贡献的话,少印点自己的书,省下纸张为孩子们多印些课本吧——这就叫 Plan C 好了。

《物权法》对我国环境管理可能的影响

《中华人民共和国物权法》在几天前终于在人大以近97%的高赞成率通过。对于环境管理者来说,物权法最重大的意义,可能就在于它可以在今后的环境管理工作中避免“公地的悲剧”再度发生。承认对土地和自然资源的物权,将进一步方便环保部门效仿其他国家基于物权制度下的环保体系,避免过去由于产权和处分权不明确造成的非点源污染、自然资源被破坏的问题。

但是,对于具体的环境管理问题,物权法可能还需要其他的实施细则、司法解释和衍生的条例才能真正与环保法协调运作。我大致浏览了一下目前网络上能找到的物权法草案,在这里试图从环境管理的角度讨论这部法律可能带来的影响。由于这个草案可能不是最新的,正式颁布实施的物权法可能还会有些出入,到时我再看情况修改。

第九条规定:“依法属于国家所有的自然资源,所有权可以不登记。”对这点存疑。是否应当有其他法律保证这些自然资源不会在让渡所有权或处分权的情况下遭到侵害?否则,不登记的话,是否意味着国家可以对其随意处分而不必接受监督?

物权法中赋予了农村土地承包人一定的自由处分土地资源的权力,但明确要求未经依法批准不得将承包土地用于非农用途。这应该是出于保护耕地的考虑。但是,这一点如果不与其他保护种粮积极性的措施协同作用,仍然不能起到保证粮食生产的作用。对于林、牧、渔业用地的承包经营权人,物权法规定可以自主从事相应生产,今后应该不会再出现历史上那种大规模改变土地用途的现象了。另一方面,这也意味着牵涉到土地利用的环境管理活动必须在教育的基础上,取得承包经营权人的共识和支持。

物权法专门辟出一章(第三章)规定物权的保护,另有第七章规定相邻关系,这对于环境管理将起到积极作用。今后进行排污的单位或个人需要更周全地考虑与相邻权利人的关系,而有关的诉讼可能也会增加。权利人包括了所有权人、用益物权人和占有人,基本涵盖了应保护的对象。物权法对于污染迁移造成的侵害,特别是难以判定具体责任人的,还缺乏明确的规定,与英国现有的法律比较,尤其值得注意的是没有对不动产权利人自行处理污染物的权利和义务作出规定。

物权法没有影响环保部门对不符合环保法规的企业和个人进行财产处分的权利。

对于我正在研究的游牧民问题,在物权法生效后,已经将土地承包的牧民将很难获得到其他草场放牧的权利,这将使他们成为事实上的定居牧民。在某些地区这种定居化可能带来严重的环境影响。如果要保留轮牧和游牧体系,可能集体所有的草场会是一个解决方案。

Week 24: Long way to go

It feels great to finish the last literature review on resilience.  The last few days working on this subject has been quite painful.  Though a quite innovative way of describing and analysing ecosystems, only a few number of people are developing this tool well and made some significant contributions.  This makes the relevant literatures fully occupied by these few people and somewhat dull.

However, by studying them I think I really have some ideas about how my project will proceed.  A field visit is necessary before any conceptual model can be developed.  This conceptual model and mathematical model developed from it will help one identify slowly changing variables.  Later one can use techniques such as bifurcation analysis or scaling to determine the boundaries of domain of attraction, thus the resilience of the system.

So far I cannot start anything yet on resilience study.  In the next month I will mainly think about my pilot study.  If I have more time I may consider making a poster for my project.  I will need that sooner or later.

The slowly changing variables on pastures

Before trying to measure resilience for a pasture ecosystem, a natural question is what indicators should be chosen.  The change of the indicators' value will lead to the flipping of the system's state, i.e. exceeding the boundaries of domains of attraction.

Slowly changing variables are not necessarily indicators that can be directly measured.  One reason, is that as its name indicates, they change slowly, in a short time period one can even consider them as fixed value.  Some slowly changing variables are too subtle, or technically hard to measure.

However, to determine the indicator one must address the slowly changing variables.  So, what are the slowly changing variables for pasture lands?  It is a hard question without a conceptual model at hand.  And a proper conceptual model is almost  impossible without being in the field and observe.  Anyway, I will try to come up with some ideas about the slowly changing variables while I am in my armchair.

In an Australian rangeland ecosystem, one of the major driver is the ability of plants to draw water from the soil.  Therefore the texture and moisture of soil will be a slow factor (Anderies et al., 2002).

The grass-shrub ratio in certain systems can also be an underlying slowly changing variable (Walker, 1993). 

What are the others?  Purely guestimate, nutrient in such a poor-nutrient system may play some intriguing role.  It will influence the composition of plants, and very likely the grass biomass.  Both are important slowly changing variables in Australian rangeland ecosystem.

2007年3月12日星期一

Week 23: Qualitative only?

Last week's literature research did not end up quite well, I have to say.  The biggest problem is that I find it hard to define a quantity for resilience.  You may find some quantitative indicators for resilience, but that does not mean you can use quantitative method globally. 

There seems to be more concepts than formulas for these particular problem.  I do not know if I can do a project largely built on qualitative research while still being accepted by the thesis committee.  I believe that a suitable approach to combine both qualitative and quantitative characteristics is desirable and important. 

For a variety of ecosystems, there have been successful examples of utilising resilience concept in management and research.  This, however, must be built on considerable support and data, as well as careful analysis.

WMT 培训要点

Warning:  This is an excerpt of  the author's notes taken during a medical training.  Archive purpose only.  DO NOT use it as medical advice or use any content in any tutorial, lecture, or course.  DO NOT apply materials below in an urban or other setting where medical assistance can be sought in one day.  The author claims no responsibility nor liability for the consequence of other people's use of the material below.

警告:以下内容是作者个人上课的笔记摘录,仅供个人复习存档之用。切勿将其视为正规的医疗意见和方法或在任何练习、讲座或课程中使用以下材料。切勿在城市或其他能够在一日内寻求医疗救护的情况下应用下述材料。作者对他人使用下述材料造成的任何后果不承担任何责任

First do no harm (this may mean first do nothing)。治疗有风险,动手需谨慎。治疗前要权衡利弊。

  1. "A little knowledge is dangerous" does NOT apply。对于基本原则的知识可能决定生死。

  2. CPR 要点:DRSABC。确保没有危险(Danger),观察回应(Response),呼唤(Shout)帮助,再加上通常急救培训一定会讲的 ABC。

  3. 队医对队伍成员,包括当地人、外地人、脚夫等等都负有责任。但对于非队伍成员的当地居民,如非情况危急,应当推荐他们到正规医疗单位就医。

  4. 队医进行治疗前,应说明自己的经验水平,并取得被治疗者同意,不可宣称或暗示自己是真正的医生。

  5. 在援助很久才能到达的情况下,大量使用抗生素可能有必要。

  6. 考虑撤出伤病员所需的运输方式,各有什么优缺点,需要的时间,以便决策。

  7. 一般远征外伤处理方法:镇痛剂,止血,清创,询问破伤风、过敏、用药情况,拍照,抗生素,询问经过、时间、地点,记录治疗措施,考虑撤出方案。

  8. 镇痛剂不会完全掩盖疼痛症状,因此不影响诊断,前提是队医和医生了解病人服用过镇痛剂(剂量和类型)。

  9. 出发前注射疫苗!特别注意狂犬病和蚊虫传播的疾病。

  10. 病史记录:AMPLE,即过敏(Allergies),用药(Medicines),既往病史(Past medical history),上一餐(Last Meal),造成伤害的事件(Events leading to the injury)。对于胸腹部疼痛的伤病员,还需要询问疼痛时间、周期、位置、扩散转移、类型、加重或缓解因素、家族遗传病史等等。

  11. AVPU 知觉量表:A Alert,V Response to verbal command,P Resonse to pain,U Unreponsive。

  12. 更详细的是 Glasgow Consciousness Scale (GCS)。

  13. 推荐的镇痛剂,药效由弱到强:paracetamol(对乙酰氨基酚,扑热息痛),Co-codamol(30/500),Tramadol(反胺苯环醇,曲马多,有成瘾性),Ibuprofen(异丁苯丙酸,布洛芬,注意禁忌症)。

  14. 骨折处理:检查 MCS (运动、循环和知觉),使用夹板,开放性骨折需要处理避免感染。运送时注意可能的脊椎受伤情况。

  15. 脱臼处理:在偏远地区,及早进行复位可能是正确的做法。缓慢拉伸脱臼肢体直到复位完成,避免反复运动,考虑使用镇痛剂。复位后适当包扎和/或 RICE 处理。

  16. AMS:在海拔上升最大达到3000米当天开始使用 Diamox 并坚持服用可以通过促进呼吸加速人体适应。药效约能持续一周。

伦敦培训



比如:


Australian War Memorial

Hyde Park Corner 的 Australian War Memorial。

Hyde Park Barrack

英国皇室御林军设于海德公园南边的兵营,我拍照之后才发现这里是军事重地,不过貌似没有说不让拍照。

Old entrance to RGS

位于 Kensington Road 的地理学会旧入口,看上去比较寒酸,这条路上大部分建筑物的入口都要比它华丽得多。

Statue of David Livingstone

地理学会创始人之一,David Livingstone。

An entrance to Royal Albert Hall

Royal Albert Hall 的一个入口。

Bunker bed in Youth Hostel

Holland Park Youth Hostel 独特的上中下铺床,我睡的是最下面一张。

Science and Art

科学与艺术,嗯,科学从这里看不到,但是你可以看到飞机的尾流,它们用的发动机是 Rolls-Royce。

Royal Albert Hall and street

Royal Albert Hall 及街景。

RGS cabinet containing Peru works

RGS 室内一角,柜子里是关于秘鲁的日记、地图、手稿等等。

Chinese map

在地图室中占据显眼位置的,李之藻在利玛窦指导下绘制的坤與万国全图复制品。

Chinese map paranoia

相机上没有偏振片,于是你可以看到在南大西洋有个人正在跟厨师要茶喝……

London street

伦敦街景。

Phantom of empire

帝国的幻影。

2007年3月7日星期三

"I'm":成功的营销和 PR 活动

很巧,我在和菜头的 blog 上看到 MSN 正在搞的这个 I'm initiative 的消息,然后同一天中又在某个小 BBS 上看到了今天发表的关于同一件事的讨论,而前一天我周围还一点关于这个活动的风声都没有,这是不是说明互联网上的消息传播具有某种突发性和同时性?也许研究社会网络和传播的专业人士们可以研究一下这个课题。不过,我观察到的这种事例的数量有限,也许纯属巧合。所以要是诸位看官啥也没研究出来,也不能怪我……

这个活动大概的意思就是,MSN 和一些慈善机构合作,给每个机构提供至少10万美元的捐款,而每个 MSN Messenger 用户都可以在 ta 的 MSN nick 或者 personal message 中填入 *wwf 这样的代码表示 ta 支持该慈善机构的目的,而添上某机构对应代码的用户越多,该慈善机构获得的捐款就越多,上不封顶。一个用户可以添加任意数量的这种代码。

但是活动似乎仅统计美国境内的用户,慈善机构也以美国境内的为主,当然也有 WWF、UNICEF 这样的世界性机构。而且要使用这一功能,用户必须使用 8.1 版的 Live Messenger。

我这么想大概有些小人之心,不过这可以说是 MS 扩大市场占有率同时提升品牌形象的一着妙棋。在捆绑产品的同时,还让客户心甘情愿,类似当年农夫山泉的“每一瓶都为申奥捐出一分钱“,当然这里并没有牵涉直接的经济利益,而且总的来说也并不是一件坏事。

我也在自己 MSN 上加了几个这样的图标,不过完全是为了唤起注意,间接地让 MSN 多掏钱。要知道 MS 已经通过 Windows 从发展中国家捞了很多钱了。

2007年3月6日星期二

Pastoralism Value Underestimated

Eldis - Pastoralism

Eldis seems like to publish tediously long articles on pastoralism.  Luckily they often also provided executive summary.  I browsed the article linked here.  It is not quite shocking discovery but is still revealing and well justified.

We all know that government policies are largely based on economic considerations, if not completely.  So, if you want the government to involve in the conservation or exploitation of something, the best approach is to make them believe that such a proposal is profitable.  The reason why pastoralism has been neglected and considered not an ideal land-use lies in its poor economic outlook.  When I say the word "herdsmen" what do you come up with?  Exhausted men and women with shabby clothes?  Barren land?  Children who cannot attend school and with snivel hanging above their mouths?  Read on.

The author of the article cited here claims that the actual economic value of pastoralism has been severely underestimated.  If we try to replace this sector with some "modern" meat/milk production system or other economies, the result is a "vicious cycle": increasing poverty, resource conflict and environmental degradation that reinforces the very preconceptions and misunderstandings surrounding pastoralism as a livelihood system.  Therefore, pastoralism needs to be re-valuated to make sure the government know what economic loss can take place with loss of pastoralism.

The new calculation framework proposed by the author is called TEV -- Total Economic Value.  In my opinion it is a implementation of the framework given by David Pearce in his Blueprints.  No actual value in dollar is given though, because to convert all the items in the list to monetary values still needs considerable calculation for each country.  However, this framework is operational and can be used in loss-benefit analysis.

Governments have enough reason to reconsider their policies on pastoralism after a calculation using this framework.  After all, pastoralism is worth preserving.  However, what about the impact of pastoralism?  Do we as well underestimated or ignored some negative effects of it?  Such discussions may make any argument about pastoralism more solid.

2007年3月4日星期日

Week 22: How promising is it?

This week the focus of work is resilience -- how it is defined, how to measure, and what use it has.  It seems that resilience is no longer a vague concept with meanings little more than a metaphor like in 2005 when I first looked at it.  There are models and applications emerging, and the theory itself is also developing.  What is especially interest is that resilience seems to be most applied in rangeland management.  A bliss for my project?  Maybe.  However I must remember that there are numerous differences between Western rangeland and those pastures in Tibet.
I have encountered a number of approaches to using resilience assessment.  They all seem to make some sense.  The question is which one is more adequate and practical.  An ideal approach for this project would be utilising less variables, but all important slow variables are addressed.

One thing is of no doubt necessary for the assessment: I will need to know the ecological and socioeconomic processes and develop a conceptual model.  Then perhaps some math can kick in and some equations denoting the system can be derived.

2007年3月3日星期六

Ghost Rider: 不是一部“有血有肉”的电影

很久没有看到凯奇接一个好剧本了。这次的 Ghost Rider 大概也不能算是一个足够好的剧本。也许是制作方本来就没有把它作为一个一线的片子,发行方也只打算用它来试水,看看这个品牌的号召力如何。相比 Spiderman 和 Superman 这样历史悠久,爱好者众多的影片,Ghost Rider 究竟能有多少市场潜力确实比较值得怀疑,这大概也是它的档期安排的原因。

作为 Marvel 漫画的改编作品,情节简单几乎是一定的,而诸如内心挣扎,双重身份之类的桥段,其他先于 Ghost Rider 登上银幕的作品也早就用透了。但是,Ghost Rider 作为一个比较 dark 的英雄,总该有比较独特的内心世界,电影是有必要也有能力表现这些的。这点上它和 Daredevil 一样都做得不够,导演似乎都把注意力用在视觉效果上了。结果在气氛方面,似乎它还不如 Constantine。

还有一大缺点就是缺乏真正激动人心的场面,对于漫画改编作品来说这是绝对说不过去的。再拿 Spiderman 出来对比一下,虽然 Peter Parker 每次都是走接触--失败--强化升级--决战这样的老路,但是与反面角色的每一次冲突都扣人心弦,穿插其间的感情戏也总是恰到好处。而 Ghost Rider 几乎找不出一场像样的动作戏,连与几个反面角色的战斗都没有超过5分钟的,导演应该把 Highlander 之类片子翻出来补补课。其他剧情方面的 twist 更是少得可怜,漂亮的女主角完全成了花瓶。

再说一下凯奇,演神经质的角色实在是很有一套,可惜剧本完全限制了他的发挥。应该说选角是正确的,但是有了这样一个演员,也应该有能与他的能力相称的剧本。

好在影片总算言之有物,能看得出一个主题:人不能总做出正确的选择,但应当把握好第二次机会。Ghost Rider 影片本身就像那个燃烧的骷髅一样,缺乏血肉,但我始终认为一部有凯奇的影片不应该就此止步。但愿导演能吸取教训,把握好拍续集的第二次机会(如果有的话),让它能够成为一个成功的 Marvel 电影系列。