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2009年1月30日星期五

Defiance: Landscape of War



The history of Belorussia in World War II is largely ignored at best. Given that, it has become so much harder to depict the story of the Bielski Partisans on the big screen. Only the fact is clear: that the Bielski brothers managed to save over 1,200 Jewish people by hiding in the Nalibocka forest from the mean war machine of the Nazis. What the Partisans did was hardly imaginable today, and may involve some extreme moral challenges that cannot be pictured without causing a emotional discomfort of the audiences.

Good for the director Edward Zwick, he did not mean to compare the Bielskis with Steven Spielberg's German [Righteous among the Nations](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations) Oskar Schindler, nor did he want to produce a sentimental and moving epic as *Schindler's List*. He was very clear about the idea of the picture when he set out to make it: to tell a story about how Jewish people defy their fate of being slaughtered, not that about their being killed and rescued by Germans.

The story-telling may not be a *tour de force* like that of *Schindler's List*, nor does the film has a nemesis character like Amon Goeth, yet the viewing pleasure is not reduced. As always, Edward Zwick did not insert a stereotype evil character into his film, but throw us directly into the historical and ethnic environment of the movie's settings, and reveal layers and layers of conflicts. Again in this movie he managed to depict complex interaction between multitudes of humanity and a dramatic age full of overwhelming events, while keeping the audiences' fist clenched and them sitting at the edge of the chair.

Map of Western Belorussia

A central conflict in this movie is brought to the face of our protagonists by their very purpose: to survive and defy the fate that has descended on their nation. In the huge, all-devouring grinder of the war, to escape being victims, the only way is to become the ones who impose destruction on the enemies. This brings the fundamental conflict into play: to what extent can one gain power while sustaining empathy and humanity. All the other conflicts, such as those between Jewish combatant and non-combatant, and between Jewish and German people, are all developed around the fundamental conflict. These conflicts work as prisms, which refract multiple facets of human nature, which makes the landscape of war more alive and more realistic. The behaviours of the groups of Jew is no longer innocent or morally perfect as some other war movies depicted, but are convincing and arousing compassion.

The director has done a good job telling a story of people in desperate conditions, and was greatly helped by a group of great actors, although many of them are not famous. Although not without caveats, in most part the acting is natural and compelling. You would feel that those are really Jewish people in that time, beaten-up, self-preserving, yet willing to fight beside their charismatic leader. Being often seeing real-life Jewish people, I thought Daniel Craig was too British to act as a Jewish leader, but he really brings out the leader's spirit. Yet in some action scenes he still reminds me of Bond.

Although the story can well be adapted into a high profile action movie, or at least an epic movie with the excitement of *Last Samurai*, Zwick has chosen to reflect the day-to-day struggle and sacrifice in the forest, this may make the movie less a block buster, but surely is not a bad thing if we consider its values in preserving a piece of forgotten history. Although there are some inconsistency in the plot, and the first half was a bit slow, *Defiance* is nevertheless one of the best movies depicting the brave struggles in WWII.

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2009年1月28日星期三

links for 2009-01-28

Co-op says No to bee-killing pesticides

Guardian Environment [reports](http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/jan/28/bees-coop-pesticide): One of the big UK supermarket chains, [Co-op](http://www.co-operative.coop/), has announced in its 10-point [Plan Bee](http://www.co-operative.coop/ethicsinaction/takeaction/planbee/what-The-Co-operative-is-doing-for-bees/) that it will ban the use of 8 neonicotinoid-based pesticides on own-brand fresh products. The pesticides banned are: Acetamiprid (啶虫脒), Clothianidin (噻虫胺或可尼丁), Dinotefuran (呋虫胺或丁诺特呋喃), Fipronil (氟虫腈), Imidacloprid (吡虫啉), Nitenpyram (烯啶虫胺), Thiacloprid (噻虫啉) and Thiamethoxam (噻虫嗪或阿克泰).

It is worthy pointing out that neonicotinoid-based pesticides are considered an ideal replacement of high-toxicity pesticides and are widely used in China and many developing countries, although its harm to beehives have been noticed in China as well. It is not clear now what measures China has taken to prevent or mitigate the impact of these pesticides on its bee populations.

2009年1月26日星期一

Sustainable energy project cause worries

The Severn bridges crossing near the mouth of ...
Image via Wikipedia
A project aiming at utilising tidal power has caused various environmental groups to [express their worries](http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/jan/26/severn-barrage-tidal) that one of the shortlisted proposal may cause significant environment damage.

The proposal of question involves building a 10-mile barrage at [Severn Estuary](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Estuary). It is a worry shared by many environmentalists that such a project may ``add to local flooding, reduce fish stocks, damage bird life and destroy the Severn bore, as well as ruin mudflats across an area of more than 77 square miles''. The environmental groups prefers a new technology called tidal lagoon, whose benefit is still not verified, and is believed to be more expensive and generate less energy. Two lagoon proposals made the shortlist.

Despite voices against the barrage proposal, it is believed that the 8 giga-watt project accounting for 5% of UK's electricity need is quite attractive to the decision makers and may well be carried out. The issue is further complicated by accusations that the cost of lagoon solutions was overestimated in the assessment.

Documents about the feasibility studies of the project can be found at the [project's government website](http://severntidalpowerconsultation.decc.gov.uk/). Today also marks the beginning of the first public consultation on the project. You can ``have your say'' after register on the website.

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links for 2009-01-26



  • The habitat shift caused by climate change, on one hand may lead to increased invasion by alien species, on the other may cause the habitat of invasive species to shrink, thus giving opportunities of restoration of local species. Although the conclusion cannot be applied universally, it calls for the managers and ecologists to identify suitable local species that can be restored in possible climate change scenarios.




  • Powerful people search engine with the ability to search "deep" web.


2009年1月16日星期五

links for 2009-01-16

大尺度气候指标的适用性

ResearchBlogging.org

在动植物生态研究中,人们常常用到气候指标来构建生态系统对气候变化响应的模型,并且假设这些气候指标对不同地区的动植物生态具有普遍适用性。但发表在 Global Change Biology 上的[一篇文章](http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01778.x)通过对不同地区的雌鹿体重的比较,发现在一个地区能解释大部分变化的气候指标在另一个地区就成了微不足道的变量。气候因素起什么样的作用,还取决于当地的植被类型和土壤等因素。文章作者们由此推断说,此前的许多研究中,将基于一个地区的观察或实验结果的理论推广到在其它地区的同类型生态系统而得出的结论可能是不可靠的。为了对气候变化在一个地区的影响进行完整的评估,需要弄清气候对生态系统作用的路径,也需要有更完整的当地气候数据。

MARTÍNEZ-JAUREGUI, M., SAN MIGUEL-AYANZ, A., MYSTERUD, A., RODRÍGUEZ-VIGAL, C., CLUTTON-BROCK, T., LANGVATN, R., & COULSON, T. (2009). Are local weather, NDVI and NAO consistent determinants of red deer weight across three contrasting European countries? Global Change Biology, 15 (7), 1727-1738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01778.x

2009年1月14日星期三

links for 2009-01-14

科学媒体的现在与未来

在中国的科普又一次引起了网民关注的时候,美国人也在思考类似的问题,不过他们考虑的是科学媒体的去中心化和基层化。[这篇 blog](http://scienceblogs.com/framing-science/2009/01/the_future_of_science_journali.php) 里提到的一个问题是美国许多本地级的报纸不再报道科学和环境类的内容,但在未来,相应级别的草根媒体也许可以承担这个功能,用 blog、podcast 等形式报道与社区生活有关的科学和环境消息。该 blog 还给出了旧金山湾区的一个实例。

作为最贴近一般人生活的层面,由社区媒体承担唤醒环境意识的任务也许是个好办法。当然具体操作起来,直接深入到社区层面可能会比较麻烦,特别是这种报道对选材和长期投入的要求非常高。这在社区媒体和科学媒体都不发达的中国更是困难。但是如果有志投身科普工作的人能够按地区联合起来组建网络上的 local hub,从北京、上海这样的大城市和省一级地区逐渐向下普及,应该是一件有社会意义的事。

2009年1月7日星期三

links for 2009-01-07

2009年1月6日星期二

是否应该“为了多样性而多样性”

BBC 在今天的 Green Room 专栏中谈到了[农作物改良导致品种减少](http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/-/1/hi/sci/tech/7753267.stm)的问题。由于不断增长的粮食压力,以及种植改良品种带来的经济利益,许多作物品种正在消失。作者 Jeff Bentley 的主要观点是,面对气候变化,我们需要保留作物的多样性,或许那些耐热、耐旱的作物品种是人类适应这种变化的关键。

在同一个页面上,BBC 也列出了一些读者的评论,其中一条反对意见非常有趣:

> This seems like an overblown issue. For one, if some of these crop varieties, such as O. glaberrima, are superior for a certain climate, would they not naturally outlast their alternatives in such regions anyway? It won't be mankind's cultivation that continues their existence. Furthermore, mankind has been genetically engineering crop species through artificial selection since agriculture has existed? If there is a lack of diversity, it is because mankind has settled on a very productive variety of crop, that makes the others simply not worth cultivating. I was expecting a far more compelling argument for crop diversity, like natural resistance to certain diseases (banana blight, etc.), not just diversity for diversity sake.
> _Chris C, Salt Lake City, USA_

Agriculture is an important and consistent sec...
Image via Wikipedia


这里有一个假设,就是对某种气候适应较好的物种必然会全面地淘汰那些并非为这种气候而进化或人工选择的物种。如果这个假设成立的话,物种入侵也就不会是一个如此紧迫的问题了。农业生产中原生的亚种被取代,并不是因为它们对环境的适应性比引进的亚种差(事实可能恰恰相反),而是因为它们带来的经济回报没有引进种高。而对于任何系统,过度的同质化必然带来适应能力的降低。今天大片种植同一品种的田地没有问题,并不代表将来在改变的环境条件下它们仍然没有问题。而如果原生亚种和引进亚种都不能适应变化的环境,我们最好还保留有来自其它地区的物种或亚种,能够起到替代的作用。在这个问题上任由市场做出选择,不是促进竞争和发展的方法,而是会导致农业走向垄断和衰落。从这个意义上说,为了多样性而保护多样性是必要的,我们永远不能预知,也许今天某个被遗忘的亚种,明天就是人类的救星。

幸运的是,商业动机也可以成为保护这些亚种的动力。有些马铃薯亚种已经堂而皇之地在超市里包装上市了。但是更多的作物没有这么幸运,还需要人们在它们彻底消失以前发现它们的价值。

(照片来自 Wikipedia, 由 [Gerry Manacsa](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gmanacsa) 拍摄,按创作共用 [Attribution-Share Alike 2.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/) 许可发布。Photo by [Gerry Manacsa](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gmanacsa), under the CC license [by-sa 2.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/))
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2009年1月4日星期日

生态拓扑学:新瓶旧酒

ResearchBlogging.org

The Möbius strip is a non-orientable surface.
Image via Wikipedia
1999年美国的 NSF 在[一篇论文](http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aibs/bio/2001/00000051/00000001/art00005)中提出生态拓扑学应该成为未来生态学研究的四大前沿之一(另外三个是地区物种池产生的复杂社群发展,生态记忆在生态过程中的作用,以及复杂系统的涌现特性)。这篇论文在[这里](http://www.planta.cn/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7256)有中文的简介。

最近在 Ecological Complexity 上发表的一篇论文则对生态拓扑学这个概念的应用进行了[综述](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2008.11.001)。作者指出,生态拓扑学虽然被作为研究的前沿,但其理论和方法事实上至少已经被生态学家们应用了超过半个世纪。拓扑学的两大奠基人物 Euler 和 Poincaré 分别确立了这门学科的两大分支,Euler 提出了图论和网络拓扑学,而 Poincaré 则提出了用几何方法抽象动态系统的概念。这两种基本的拓扑学方法在生态学研究中都得到了应用。网络拓扑学促进了食物网等概念的研究,以及多种系统模型的建立;Poincaré 的流型概念则推动了 bifurcation 和跨比例作用等概念的出现和非线性生态模型的发展。

在今天,这些研究领域仍然是生态学中的热门问题。综述的作者指出,生态学中的许多数学方法本质上都代表了拓扑学的思想,深入对拓扑学的研究,有助于更好地评估对生态过程的跨比例理解,更好地定义系统的因果性边界,建立连接不同尺度的形式结构,通过系统结构研究物种互动,以及帮助人们理解那些不易直接观察的“高阶现象”。Panarchy 等研究系统不连续性的方法也与拓扑学概念有直接的联系。综述的作者认为,以更为规范的形式讨论拓扑学在生态学中的作用,将有助于更深入和广泛地理解复杂生态系统。将拓扑学与空间统计、GIS 等其它手段结合应用将帮助我们更好地理解自然。

当然,作者也认为将自身就是两个分开的部分的拓扑学显式地引入生态学研究中,会有一些概念定义和与现有方法整合的困难。也许我们不需要作为生态学分支的拓扑学,但引入拓扑学的方法是一个可能的研究方向。



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Prager, S., & Reiners, W. (2009). Historical and emerging practices in ecological topology Ecological Complexity, 6 (2), 160-171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2008.11.001

links for 2009-01-04

2009年1月3日星期六

在模型中虚拟理性人

在生态系统模型中加入对社会经济层面的模拟是个难题。一般来说,这种模拟要建立在实地调查的基础上,否则很难定量。今天的 Ecological Modelling 上发表的[一篇文章](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBS-4V9252X-2/2/5ddd2302b7b6a56c7ef7d34b6839fc7b)绕过了这个问题。作者用经济中的效用(Utility)作为经济系统模拟的目标变量,并假设系统中的人追求效用的优化,以此为出发点讨论经济系统对自然生产力的影响。